Cervical cancer screening (Pap test / cervical cytology)

Cancer

Varies by province (often starts 21–25 and ends 65–69)Often every 3 years when Pap is used (province-specific)5–10 minutes

A Pap test checks cervical cells for changes that can be treated before they become cancer.

Guidance for your location

Location

Country

Select a country only if you want local program matching.

Region-specific program details are not available for this location yet, but you can still use the general profile information.

Recommended Age

Varies by province (often starts 21–25 and ends 65–69)

Frequency

Often every 3 years when Pap is used (province-specific)

Duration

5–10 minutes

Overview

Most cervical cancers are caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). A Pap test (cervical cytology) looks for abnormal cervical cells caused by HPV-related changes. Some provinces are transitioning to primary HPV testing; Pap testing may still be used depending on province, age, and program rollout.

Who Should Get This Screening

People with a cervix in the provincial program age range (varies; see Program section above).
If you have had a total hysterectomy (cervix removed), routine screening may not be needed depending on your history. Discuss with your clinician.
Immunocompromised people may need different intervals or follow-up.
History of high-grade lesions or cervical cancer typically follows a surveillance pathway (not routine screening).
Symptoms (abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain) require diagnostic evaluation, not routine screening.

What to Expect

During a pelvic exam, a speculum is inserted to visualize the cervix. A small brush or spatula collects cells from the cervix. The sample is sent to a lab for analysis.

How to Prepare

Follow these tips to prepare for your screening

Avoid vaginal intercourse, douching, or vaginal medications for ~24–48 hours beforehand when possible.
Schedule when you’re not having heavy bleeding if you can.
Tell your clinician about pregnancy, symptoms, prior abnormal results, or immunocompromised status.

Benefits

Detects precancerous changes before cancer develops.
Cervical cancer is highly preventable with appropriate screening and follow-up.
Quick test that can be done in a clinic.

Things to Consider

Mild discomfort during the exam and possible light spotting afterward.
False positives/negatives can occur; follow-up testing may be needed.
Abnormal results can cause anxiety while awaiting follow-up.

Guideline Source: Provincial cervical screening programs (Canada) (see Program section above)

This information is provided for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.